Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics, 5th Ed. Practice Test

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• A leptokurtic distribution has what characteristic?
• What does a P-P plot compare?
• How does the SSCP matrix differ from the variance-covariance matrix?
• The second quartile is the same as the median.
• What is the difference between a part correlation and a partial correlation in terms of what they control for?
• Which method uses repeated samples with replacement to estimate a statistic's sampling distribution?
• Which statement best describes shrinkage in regression?
• A factor that affects all measured variables and explains the correlations between those variables.
• How do the regression model and the regression line relate to each other?
• Which statement describes a ratio variable?
• The statistic that represents the difference between a case's predicted value from the model when that case is included and when it is excluded is called what?
• What is another name for a boxplot?
• What does semi-partial correlation measure?
• Which type of validity indicates that instrument scores relate to external measures conceptually related to the measured construct?
• Which statement describes the assumption that the variance of a dependent variable is stable at all levels of the independent variable?
• Which term describes the central tendency of a distribution?
• Which statement best describes simple regression?
• In ANCOVA, which assumption states that the effect of the covariate on the outcome does not differ across treatment levels?
• Which statistic is the multivariate equivalent of the total sum of squares?
• Which statement distinguishes moderation from mediation?
• Which type of validity assesses whether the content of a test covers the construct it was designed to cover?
• Which statement best describes a registered report?
• What is a percentile?
• Variation that isn't due to the effect of interest and may reflect natural differences between individuals is called what?
• An error bar chart typically displays what?
• Sphericity is an assumption about which of the following?
• To test a fifth-order polynomial in regression, which predictor should be included?
• What term means the act of disproving a hypothesis or theory?
• What is a common outcome of quartimax rotation?
• What best defines a regression model?
• In the simple regression model Y = b0 + b1 X, what does b1 represent?
• Which method accounts for item variance in split-half reliability by using the standard deviations of each half?
• Split-half reliability is estimated by which method?
• Which statement describes how the Wilcoxon signed-rank test differs from the sign test?
• Which term refers to the situation in which only one outcome variable is measured?
• Standard deviation is defined as which of the following?
• Which term is humorously described as how sexually attractive you find a statistical test, or the degree to which a model fits observed data?
• Which statement best describes Pearson's correlation coefficient?
• Which statement about Registered Reports is true?
• The proportion of variance in one variable explained by a second variable is equal to the square of which statistic?
• The Greenhouse-Geisser estimate of sphericity has a maximum value of what, indicating perfect sphericity?
• Simple slopes analysis examines the relationship between a predictor and outcome at what levels of a moderator?
• What does a Huynh-Feldt estimate value of 1 indicate?
• Which statistic is specifically used to test the overall fit of a regression model in simple and multiple regression?
• Which statement about quantiles best describes them as a general concept?
• In logistic regression, the statistic formed by multiplying the log-likelihood by minus two is commonly denoted by what symbol?
• Which test assesses whether a distribution deviates from normality?
• Which term describes a distribution that assigns equal probability to all values of a parameter?
• What statistic is the natural logarithm of the likelihood and serves as a measure of model fit?
• What term refers to superfluous material that distracts from the data being displayed on a graph?
• Which statistical test is used to determine whether the means of more than two groups are equal?
• Under what conditions is Kaiser's criterion considered accurate?
• What characterizes a saturated model?
• Is standard deviation expressed in the same units as the data?
• Which test is associated with the paired-samples t-test?
• Which statement best describes the Wald-Wolfowitz runs test?
• What term describes a correlation between two variables?
• Which statement best describes a mixed normal distribution?
• Which VIF value is commonly cited as a threshold indicating potential multicollinearity concerns?
• The harmonic mean is defined as the reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of the reciprocals. Which statement is true?
• What are the two main methods of cross-validation in regression?
• Which term describes residuals expressed in the units of the original measurement?
• What is the table called that cross-classifies two or more categorical variables and shows observed counts in cells?
• Two-tailed test is which of the following?
• Bayesian statistics is defined as a branch of statistics in which hypotheses are tested or model parameters are estimated using methods based on which theorem?
• Percentiles are values that split the data into how many equal parts?
• Suppose a predictor shows a significant effect only when another variable is held constant. This phenomenon is called:
• What term describes the difference between the observed value of a variable and the value predicted by a statistical model?
• In a P-P plot, what does it indicate if the points lie close to the diagonal?
• Which statement best describes a transformation in data analysis?
• In ANCOVA, what is the name of the assumption that the relationship between the covariate and the outcome is the same across different treatment levels?
• Welch's F is used to accommodate what condition in comparing group means?
• Which statement is true about standardizing data with z-scores?
• The proportion of a variable's variance that is common variance; this term is used primarily in factor analysis.
• In this framework, what is the term for the overall test of whether group means differ after covariate adjustment?
• Standard error of differences is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of what?
• Which variable can be measured to any level of precision (Time is given as an example)?
• Which statistical procedure uses the F-statistic to test the overall fit of a linear model after accounting for covariates?
• Which view in SPSS displays the actual data records as observations?
• Which form of research involves observing natural phenomena without direct interference, often using different people at different ages?
• What is a z-score?
• Mahalanobis distances are used to
• What does the variance inflation factor measure?
• In ANOVA, the main effect refers to
• A power of 0.8 is typically considered what?
• Which non-orthogonal contrast compares the mean of each condition to the mean of all preceding conditions combined?
• Open science is defined as?
• Which effect describes the decline in performance due to boredom during long sequences of tasks?
• Mean squares are described as?
• Which test assesses the equality of covariance matrices across groups?
• What does a 95% confidence interval imply about the population parameter across repeated samples?
• For a given statistic calculated for a sample of observations (e.g., the mean), the confidence interval is a range of values around that statistic that are believed to contain, in a certain proportion of samples (e.g., 95%), the true value of that statistic.
• What term describes the portion of a variable's variance that is unique and not shared with other variables?
• In regression, when are residuals of two observations considered to be autocorrelated?
• Noniles are values that split data into how many equal parts?
• What is the standardized measure of the strength of the relationship between two variables when one variable is dichotomous?
• The coefficient of determination is the square of which statistic?
• Which term describes variance that is specific to a single variable and is sometimes called random variance if not shared?
• Which statement about M-estimators is correct?
• Equamax rotation is described as which of the following?
• In experimental research, randomization is typically applied to what?
• Parsimony in model building emphasizes:
• Standardized DFFit is used to identify ...
• In a Bayesian context, what term denotes the probability of the observed data given a model or hypothesis?
• Which statement about the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) range is true?
• In a boxplot, which statistic is represented by the central line inside the box?
• Covariance is described as the average cross-product deviation, computed by dividing by what?
• If the median test finds the groups come from populations with the same median, what proportion of observations are above the median in each group?
• Which statement best describes perfect mediation?
• What does AIC stand for?
• Which graphical representation shows the median, an interquartile range box, and whiskers?
• Repeated contrast is defined as which of the following?
• What is the α-level in hypothesis testing?
• Posterior odds in Bayesian testing represent the ratio of posterior probabilities of which hypotheses?
• The lower-bound estimate of sphericity is equal to
• Phi is a measure of association used with which type of data?
• Which statement contrasts orthogonal rotation with oblique rotation?
• Which chart type displays the mean per category on the y-axis and a categorical variable on the x-axis?
• The variance of the difference between two independent variables equals the sum of their variances. Which option expresses this correctly?
• Which statement best describes a random coefficient?
• Which statistic is a measure of the influence of a case and depends on units of measurement of the outcome?
• Between-subjects design is described as being synonymous with independent design. Which choice best reflects this equivalence?
• Which method is used for oblique rotation?
• Which term describes the situation where the effect of one predictor on the outcome varies depending on the level of another predictor?
• In factor analysis, which term refers to the matrix used during rotation that encodes the orientation of the factors?
• What are noniles?
• In a statistical model, parameters describe:
• What regression technique is used when the dependent variable is categorical, with binary or multinomial outcomes?
• General linear model describes the ability to handle which designs?
• The lower-bound estimate for sphericity uses which description of k?
• Which statistic gauges the influence of an observed value on the predicted values in a regression model?
• Which term describes a variable with exactly two categories, such as male and female?
• Cook's distance is a measure of what in regression analysis?
• In an AR(1) covariance structure, what is assumed about the correlation between scores over time?
• A variable that has no unique variance (or random variance) would have a communality of 1.
• The t-statistic is a test statistic with a known distribution. Which distribution is associated with the t-statistic?
• Which statistic is used to compare different models and is Bozdogan's criterion?
• What does the Wald-Wolfowitz runs test look for in the ranked data?
• The purpose of planned comparisons is which of the following?
• Which test tends to have better power than the Mann-Whitney test for small sample sizes (n < 25 per group) when comparing two groups?
• Which study design reduces inter-subject variability by measuring the same subjects under different conditions?
• The author notes that Bartlett's test of sphericity is often significant in practice, leading to questions about its practical utility. Which option best captures this view?
• Kendall's tau is a non-parametric correlation coefficient best described as?
• Which statement about AIC is true?
• Planned comparisons are which of the following?
• MANOVA stands for
• Which statement about fixed effect is true?
• Which term is another name for the sum of squares?
• Which corrections are used to adjust degrees of freedom when sphericity is violated in repeated-measures ANOVA?
• Structure matrix in factor analysis represents what?
• Which statement describes grand mean centring?
• Which statement about non-parametric tests is true?
• Which statement describes Spearman's correlation coefficient?
• Which term describes residuals with unequal variances across the levels of a predictor (the opposite of homoscedasticity)?
• Which statistical test uses the t-statistic to determine whether the means of two independent samples differ significantly?
• What do planned contrasts do with the variance due to group differences?
• Generalization refers to predictions that can be applied to what?
• In the regression equation Y = b0 + b1 X, which term is the intercept?
• What does CVR stand for in regression diagnostics?
• Dummy variables are used to...?
• Repeated-measures ANOVA is best described as:
• Which statistic is defined as the difference between the adjusted predicted value and the original predicted value for a case?
• Which term means 'many variables' and is used for analyses with more than one outcome variable?
• Which statement about ordinal data is true?
• In a distribution with negative skew, which tail is longer?
• Which statistic measures the influence of a single case by comparing model fits with and without that case?
• Which statement correctly contrasts Residual and Residuals?
• The unstandardized regression coefficient is typically denoted by which symbol?
• In Bayesian statistics, what term describes a prior distribution that narrows beliefs about a parameter to a degree?
• In statistical sampling, what best defines a sample?
• What is marginal likelihood (evidence) in Bayes' theorem?
• Which statement correctly distinguishes the standard error of differences from the standard error of the mean?
• Which description best fits an ordinal variable?
• In the computation of the sum of squares as described, what is done to each score before the squaring step?
• Which statement distinguishes a discriminant function variate from a discriminant score as described?
• Weight in a statistical model refers to what?
• Binary logistic regression refers to a logistic regression in which the outcome variable has how many categories?
• Which factors affect the Durbin-Watson statistic value?
• Which effect size is defined as the ratio of the model's sum of squares to the total sum of squares and is often described as the coefficient of determination in a variant?
• In factor analysis, what does the pattern matrix represent?
• Which statement best describes omega squared in ANOVA?
• Publication bias refers to:
• Which term describes a distribution with more than two modes?
• Which term denotes an analysis of variance involving two or more independent variables or predictors?
• Which statement defines a mediator?
• A paired-samples t-test is used to determine whether two means collected from the same sample differ significantly.
• How do random intercept and random slope differ?
• Which linear model explicitly considers hierarchical structure of the data and can have fixed or random coefficients?
• What does the odds ratio quantify in comparing two groups?
• Which statistic is most affected by extreme values?
• What is another name for hierarchical regression?
• Which statement describes the range of scores?
• Which statement about z-score transformation is true?
• What is the purpose of applying a transformation to data?
• Cronbach's α is a measure of what?
• Which statement best describes a three-dimensional scatterplot?
• Ordinary least squares (OLS) is a method of regression in which the parameters are estimated by:
• Which statistic measures the total variability around the overall mean?
• Quadratic trend requires:
• In Bayesian statistics, what is a credible interval?
• Which correction reduces the alpha level by the number of tests to control the Type I error rate?
• In cross-validation, data are split randomly into two halves, and a regression model is estimated for each half and compared, which assessment method is described?
• Which statement describes trimming in data analysis?
• A version of factor analysis in which specific hypotheses about structure and relations between the latent variables that underlie the data are tested.
• Orthogonal means:
• What is the acronym for the analysis of covariance?
• Which term describes the total unexplained variability across observations, as measured by squared deviations from model predictions?
• Cochran's Q is an extension of McNemar's test and is essentially a Friedman's ANOVA for dichotomous data. Which statement best describes it?
• Repeated-measures design is defined as:
• Which term refers to a situation in which two or more variables are very closely linearly related?
• Which SPSS view would you use to define new variables and their properties?
• In the formula for the standard error of the mean, s/√N, what does s represent?
• Residual is defined as:
• If a distribution is standardized, which statement is true about its mean and standard deviation?
• Variance shared by two or more variables.
• A Bayes factor of 3 indicates what about the relative likelihood of the hypotheses given the data?
• Overdispersion occurs when the observed variance is bigger than expected from the logistic regression model.
• Which term describes the condition opposite to homoscedasticity, where residual variances differ across the range of predictor values?
• The sum of squares and cross-products (SSCP) matrix has which of the following properties?
• Singularity refers to what in variable relationships?
• Which of the following is NOT a reason contributing to publication bias?
• Which statement best describes PCA components?
• Which description matches Independent ANOVA?
• General term for the structure matrix in principal components analysis.
• Standardization enables comparisons across variables measured in different units.
• Z-scores are expressed in what kind of units?
• According to the rule for influential cases, deleting a case will damage the precision of some model parameters if the CVR exceeds which threshold?
• Noniles are nine equal parts; this concept is a special case of which broader concept?
• What phrase describes the relationship between the variable being measured and the numbers assigned on the measurement scale?
• Which term describes a non-orthogonal planned contrast that compares the mean of each group to the overall mean?
• Type II error is best described as which statement?
• Which of the following is the mode?
• What is the purpose of a posterior distribution?
• Which method yields factor scores that are uncorrelated and standardized with a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1?
• What are the mean and standard deviation of a distribution of z-scores?
• In multilevel modeling, variance components assume that random effects are independent and that their variances are the same and sum to the variance of the outcome. Which option best reflects this assumption?
• HARKing refers to presenting which kind of hypothesis?
• What is another name for a related design in experiments?
• Which statement about parameters in statistical models is true?
• In large samples, Yates's continuity correction for the chi-square test tends to be:
• Multivariate analysis of variance is best described as
• Which statistical method uses a discriminant function to classify observations?
• Which theorem states that as samples become large (above about 30) the sampling distribution will take the shape of a normal distribution, with the t-distribution for small samples, and the standard error of the mean equals s/√N?
• Which of the following is an example of an effect size?
• Which statement about bar charts is true?
• A jersey number on players is an example of which type of variable?
• What term describes the condition where the variance of one variable varies across levels of another variable?
• Which statement best distinguishes planned contrasts from post hoc tests?
• Which criterion is known as Hurvich and Tsai's criterion for small samples?
• What term describes the effect of a predictor on an outcome that operates through a mediator?
• In experimental design, what defines a random effect?
• In factor analysis, oblique rotation allows
• Which term describes a matrix used in factor analysis that contains the angles through which factors are rotated in factor rotation?
• In regression, what does orthogonal refer to?
• In a variance-covariance matrix, what do the diagonal elements represent?
• What is another name for multinomial logistic regression?
• What do factor loadings describe in factor analysis?
• In a boxplot, the box represents which concept?
• What describes the regression line?
• What term describes anything that can be measured and can differ across entities or over time?
• Which assumption in MANOVA extends the idea of homogeneity of variance to multiple dependent variables by requiring equal variances and roughly equal covariances across groups?
• What is the process called when transforming a variable into deviations around a fixed point, usually the mean?
• Which statement describes an independent design?
• Probability density function (PDF) is:
• Which statement about z-score transformation is true?
• Mean squares are obtained by...
• Simple effects analysis is used to examine what?
• What is the probability of making a Type I error in any family of tests when the null hypothesis is true in each case?
• What is the second quartile commonly known as?
• Hypothesis SSCP (H) refers to which of the following?
• What is Smartreader?
• Hartley's Fmax is a statistic used to compare variances across groups. It is also commonly referred to as which of the following?
• What issue arises when two predictor variables are very closely linearly related?
• Residuals expressed in the units of the original outcome variable are called what?
• Which statement describes an independent factorial design?
• In factor analysis, what is the main purpose of rotation?
• Which term is a synonym for the alternative hypothesis?
• What is the term for the measure of the influence of a particular data case?
• Which index evaluates how well a model fits the data used to generate it?
• Bayes' theorem expresses the relationship between P(A|B), P(B|A), P(A) and P(B). Which of the following formulas correctly represents Bayes' theorem?
• In PCA, which matrix contains the relationships between original variables and extracted components?
• In regression analyses, what is a predictor variable?
• What does the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure assess in factor analysis?
• Studentized residuals differ from standardized residuals in that they ...
• Which of the following is an example of a fixed variable?
• In mediation analysis, when the mediator is included, the direct effect of the predictor on the outcome typically
• Which variable type can be measured to any level of precision?
• In regression diagnostics, which diagnostic measure is associated with distance from the mean in multivariate space?
• Loglinear analysis is primarily used to
• Long format data is described as:
• Tertium quid refers to which phenomenon?
• What SPSS label corresponds to the odds ratio, indicating the change in odds for a unit change in the predictor in logistic regression?
• A condition that holds true when both the variances across conditions are equal (this is the same as the homogeneity of variance assumption) and the covariances between pairs of conditions are also equal.
• Which statement about a cubic trend is true?
• What is the Peer Reviewers' Openness Initiative?
• Which statement about the scree plot and sample size is correct?
• McNemar's test is used to...
• ANCOVA stands for which of the following?
• Which term describes a distribution with a sharp peak relative to a normal distribution?
• Which distribution has more than two modes?
• What does a polynomial contrast test for?
• Which term is the regression coefficient of a variable for the linear model describing a latent variable?
• Which term describes a variable consisting of only two categories?
• In Bayesian statistics, what is the term for the probability of the observed data after integrating over parameters?
• Which plot shows each individual score as a dot and helps assess distribution shape?
• Cross-product deviations measure what in a bivariate relation?
• Total sum of squares measures which of the following?
• The standard error of the mean is given by which formula?
• If the probability of an event is 0.8, what are the odds in favor of the event?
• In statistical terms, what does population refer to?
• To create dummy variables for a categorical variable with k groups, how many dummy variables are typically created?
• A regression model is used to describe the relationship between what?
• In the linear model Y = BX + E, what does the symbol X represent?
• According to Stevens, what threshold is suggested as a cutoff for undue influence using leverage?
• What is predictive validity?
• Between-groups design is presented as which of the following in relation to independent design?
• Which statement about the composition of the sum of squares is true?
• Which nonparametric test is used to assess an ordered pattern of medians across independent groups?
• Which statement about orthogonal rotation is true?
• SSCP stands for which phrase?
• If a z-score is -1.5, what does that indicate?
• What is the predicted value in a statistical model?
• What characterizes weighted least squares?
• Numeric variables are defined as
• The Shapiro-Wilk test is used to assess whether data deviate from which distribution?
• Promax is:
• Eta squared is defined as which of the following?
• A binary variable is defined as a categorical variable with how many mutually exclusive categories?
• What does a z-score of 0 indicate?
• In regression diagnostics, if the spread of residuals increases with the fitted values, which assumption is violated?
• What is a single score from an individual representing their performance on a latent variable, computed by weighting variable scores by their factor loadings and summing?
• Longitudinal research is best described as
• Which statement best defines p-hacking?
• What is a p-curve?
• What is the purpose of standardization in data analysis?
• The standardized regression coefficient is typically denoted by which symbol?
• Probability distribution is:
• If error bars in a chart are drawn using the standard error, what does the length represent?
• Which statement about the Wald statistic is accurate?
• Which correction is often preferred over Greenhouse-Geisser due to being less conservative?
• In multilevel modeling, what does a random intercept mean?
• Pillai-Bartlett trace (V) is a statistic used in which multivariate analysis?
• Test-retest reliability refers to what?
• In SPSS, which view allows you to define properties of variables such as name, type, and label?
• Q-Q plot vs P-P plot differences:
• What statement best defines a quantile?
• The Mann-Whitney test is best described as
• What is the term for the correlation between the observed values of the outcome and the values predicted by a multiple regression model?
• In wide format data, how are repeated measures across time points typically stored?
• Parametric tests are characterized by which of the following?
• What is the name of the statistical model described by Y = BX + E, where Y is the outcome vector, X is the predictor matrix, B are coefficients, and E are errors?
• In multilevel modeling, what does a random slope mean?
• Which statement about the variance-covariance matrix is NOT correct?
• Varimax rotation is used to achieve which objective in factor analysis?
• Median is defined as?
• Which statement correctly differentiates an independent design from a repeated-measures design?
• What is a simple contrast in planned comparisons?
• Which statement describes the extension of simple regression to predict an outcome by a linear combination of two or more predictors?
• What does posterior probability represent in Bayesian testing?
• In growth-curve modeling, how is time used to test higher-order trends?
• In long format data, a single score can appear in multiple rows, with each row representing
• Which statement is true about the Huynh-Feldt estimate?
• What is the value that cuts off the highest 25% of ordered scores called?
• In multilevel modelling, which covariance structure is completely general and has covariances that are unpredictable?
• In a line plot of means across ordered conditions, a cubic trend is indicated by how many changes in direction?
• The sum of squares (SS) is an estimate of what?
• What term is the general term for the structure matrix in factor analysis?
• What term describes a variable that cannot be directly measured but is assumed to be related to several variables that can be measured?
• Which term describes a slope that cannot vary across groups?
• How are post hoc tests defined?
• Sphericity is met when which condition holds?
• What is a known caveat of the Shapiro-Wilk test in very large samples?
• What does lambda tell you about the relationship between two variables?
• Which statement about the sphericity assumption in Mauchly's test is true?
• How does increasing the sample size affect the standard error of the mean?
• Measurement error is defined as?
• Which statement best defines a theory?
• Ecological validity refers to which of the following?
• Which term describes a covariance structure used in multilevel modelling that is completely general?
• In regression analysis, what does a polynomial represent?
• Which matrix is described as the multivariate analogue of the F-statistic in MANOVA?
• Goodness of fit is an index of what?
• What is the term for the probability of making a Type I error when performing multiple statistical comparisons while the null hypothesis is true in each case?
• Goodman and Kruskal's λ measures what?
• The Sobel test is used to test what in mediation analysis?
• The sign test is particularly suited to what kind of data design?
• Posterior odds refer to the ratio of what quantities in Bayesian hypothesis testing?
• What is a square matrix?
• Which statement best describes Adjusted R-squared according to the material?
• Which statement best describes a matrix?
• Moderation occurs when the relationship between two variables changes as a function of a third variable. Which term describes this scenario?
• Which statement best describes meta-analysis?
• The 50th percentile is equivalent to which statistic?
• What is discriminant function analysis used for?
• Trimmed mean is defined as which of the following?
• What is the practice effect?
• How is a z-score calculated?
• Mauchly's test assesses which assumption and what happens if significant?
• Which hypothesis represents the prediction that there will be an effect in the study?
• What does 'Multiple R' quantify in regression analysis?
• The design where the same participants take part in all experimental conditions is known as:
• Mean is best described as?
• Which of the following is NOT a feature of a mixed design?
• Prior odds are defined as which ratio?
• In SPSS, which view presents data as a spreadsheet for entering raw data?
• What is another name for the predictor variable, commonly used in experimental research because its values are manipulated by the experimenter?
• Meta-analysis relies on standardizing effects to compare across studies. What is the standard metric used?
• Which statistical method is used to classify observations into predefined groups based on predictor variables?
• Which distribution is associated with the term contaminated normal distribution?
• Pairwise comparisons are used for which of the following?
• Which term describes a variable that can take on only certain values (usually whole numbers)?
• Which statement best describes a related factorial design?
• The Pearson correlation coefficient can take values in which range?
• Empirical probability is defined as the probability of an event based on which source?
• In experimental design, what is another name for an independent variable or predictor that is also used synonymously with a latent variable in factor analysis?
• Which term describes a non-parametric test that compares the variability of scores in two groups?
• In SPSS, what does Syntax refer to?
• Qualitative methods are:
• Kaiser's criterion in factor extraction retains factors with eigenvalues ...
• What is the main difference between grand mean centring and group mean centring?
• What is a random variable?
• Perfect collinearity exists when which of the following is true?
• Yates's continuity correction is an adjustment applied to which test when the contingency table is 2x2?
• What term describes a research design in which one or more variables are systematically manipulated to observe effects on an outcome variable?
• Parametric tests require data that meet certain conditions. Which of the following describes this?
• Box's test may be non-significant because of violation of which assumption?
• What is another name for the outcome variable in experimental methods?
• Which statement about DFBeta is true?
• Bowerman and O’Connell suggest that if the average VIF is greater than 1, what does it indicate?
• What is the variance a measure of in a dataset?
• The t-statistic is a test statistic with a t-distribution. In the context of the linear model it is used to test whether a b-value is significantly different from zero; which of the following best complements this statement?
• Which plot is commonly used alongside eigenvalue criteria to help decide how many factors to retain?
• Which statement correctly describes a matrix that is proportional to the identity matrix?
• In regression-style thinking, which term refers to the error term's multivariate counterpart of the residual sum of squares?
• Independence in data means which?
• Variance that is specific to a single variable and not shared with other variables is known as what?
• In long format data, how are repeated measures typically stored?
• Which term refers to an analysis of variance used for a mixed design?
• What is pre-registration in research?
• What does statistical power represent?
• Part correlation is also known as which of the following?
• In a multiple regression model, the outcome is denoted by which symbol?
• Wilcoxon signed-rank test is ...
• A robust test is defined as:
• Which term denotes anything that can be measured and can differ across entities or over time?
• Which research design is described as collecting data from people at different ages rather than following the same people over time?
• Wilks's lambda in MANOVA represents what?
• Hartley's Fmax is a rule-of-thumb used to assess what?
• Loglinear analysis is best described as
• In a mediation model, which term represents the portion of the predictor's effect on the outcome that is not transmitted through the mediator?
• Which statement best describes p-hacking?
• The difference between the observed value and the model's predicted value for a single observation is called:
• Which graph displays the mean of a variable for each category, using bars?
• Which statement about orthogonality in statistics is true?
• Counterbalancing, in the simplest case of two conditions, is used to remove bias caused by what?
• Which statistic measures agreement among judges and ranges from 0 to 1?
• Which term describes Fisher's exact test, designed to compute the exact probability of a statistic and particularly appropriate for small samples?
• Which variable is a variable we may or may not have measured that potentially affects the outcome variable and is not among the predictor variables of interest?
• What is the sampling distribution?
• Which statement describes group mean centring?
• Which of the following estimates measures departure from sphericity and is used to correct degrees of freedom of F-statistics, with a maximum value of 1 when sphericity is perfect?
• Median test is described as?
• Which statistic describes the average cross-product deviation between two variables?
• Which term describes the process of using data simulations to solve statistical problems?
• Leverage values in regression analyses lie in what range?
• The Šidák correction is what kind of adjustment?
• Which property is described for the normal distribution in the material?
• What is the combined effect of two or more predictor variables on an outcome variable, often used to gauge moderation?
• If the mean is 50 and the standard deviation is 5, a value of 60 corresponds to which z-score?
• Which statement describes quartimax rotation?
• Within-subject design is another name for which design?
• Durbin-Watson test assesses what?
• Standard error is the standard deviation of what distribution?
• Q-Q plot is defined as:
• What tolerance value signals serious multicollinearity problems?
• Which statement describes the Anderson-Rubin method?
• Which term is the regression coefficient of a variable for the linear model that describes a latent variable or factor in factor analysis?
• Validity is evidence that a study allows correct inferences about the question or that the test measures what it set out to measure.
• How are odds defined?
• A form of criterion validity where there is evidence that scores from an instrument correspond to concurrently recorded external measures conceptually related to the measured construct.
• Which non-parametric test is used for more than two independent groups and is the non-parametric analogue of one-way ANOVA?
• What is the grand mean in statistics?
• Which statement best describes quartiles?
• Which statement correctly contrasts orthogonal and oblique rotation in factor analysis?
• Which statement distinguishes prior distribution from prior probability?
• What does the Wald statistic test in regression models?
• Which statement about the structure matrix and pattern matrix under orthogonal rotation is true?
• A date variable can be entered in which of the following formats?
• Which resampling technique estimates the sampling distribution by drawing samples with replacement from the data?
• In factor analysis, what term describes a latent variable that underlies observed variables?
• What does a scree plot illustrate in factor analysis?
• Which statement best describes standardized residuals?
• What is the name of the test statistic that follows the F-distribution and compares explained to unexplained variability to assess model fit and differences between group means?
• What does the method of least squares do?
• What is principal component analysis used for?
• Which graph plots a mean (or summary statistic) on the y-axis against a categorical variable on the x-axis, often with lines connecting category means?
• In MANOVA, which statistic is the sum of eigenvalues for each discriminant function variate and is conceptually the same as the F-statistic in ANOVA?
• Which statement lists correlation coefficients that are mentioned as examples in statistics?
• Which term is a measure of the probability of making a Type I error across a family of tests?
• Orthogonal rotation in factor analysis:
• Wilcoxon's rank-sum test is ...
• Friedman’s ANOVA is the non-parametric counterpart to which parametric test?
• In regression analysis, which assumption states that the residuals at each level of the predictor have similar variances?
• What form of research describes observation of natural phenomena without interference, focusing on relationships instead of causality?
• Which test compares the means of two independent groups to determine if they are significantly different?
• Kurtosis measures the heaviness of tails; no kurtosis corresponds to a value of 3; to make it intuitive, subtract 3 so no kurtosis yields 0.
• Which measure describes the strength of association between two categorical variables with more than two categories, as a variant of phi?
• Which statement about the t-statistic’s use is true?
• Which statistic is a version of the coefficient of determination for logistic regression, based on log-likelihoods, but does not reach 1?
• A probability distribution of the sum of squares of several normally distributed variables is used to test hypotheses about categorical data and model fit. Which distribution is this?
• Which statistic represents the range of the middle 50% of an ordered data set?
• The range is a measure of what aspect of a dataset?
• An M-estimator is
• What is a posterior distribution?
• Friedman’s ANOVA is the non-parametric version of which test?
• Maximum-likelihood estimation is best described as?
• Which criterion is commonly used in factor analysis to decide how many factors to retain based on eigenvalues?
• Which F-statistic is designed to be accurate when the assumption of homogeneity of variance has been violated?
• String variables refer to data that involve words or letter strings.
• In the context of regression, the average leverage value equals (k+1)/n. What do k and n stand for?
• A Bayes factor is defined as the ratio of the probability of the observed data under which hypothesis to the probability under the other?
• Degrees of freedom influence the probability distributions of which statistics mentioned in the material?
• Partial correlation is defined as:
• If you repeatedly take samples from a population and calculate the sample mean, the resulting distribution is called the sampling distribution of the mean. This statement is:
• Residual sum of squares is defined as:
• Which regression approach enters predictors in a pre-specified order based on theoretical or prior research, with known predictors entered first?
• Alpha factoring is best described as which of the following?
• What are the two views available for viewing the contents of the SPSS data editor?
• In a multilevel linear model, regression parameters can be fixed or random, allowing variation across contexts.
• What is randomization?
• Which statistic measures the strength of association or relationship between two variables and includes Pearson's correlation coefficient, Spearman's rho, and Kendall's tau?
• Lower quartile is defined as
• In long format data, how are repeated measures typically stored?
• If the original data have mean 10 and SD 2, and an observation is 14, what is the z-score?
• Quadratic trend occurs when:
• In regression, the residuals should be what?
• In a multilevel model, which covariance structure is described as having zero covariances and heterogeneous variances?
• Partial out the effect of a variable is to remove the variance that the variable shares with other variables in the analysis before looking at their relationships. Which term defines this action?
• In MANOVA, which assumption ensures that the covariance matrices of the dependent variables are equal across groups?
• Which correlation coefficient assesses the consistency of measures within the same class or context and is used in multilevel models to measure dependency?
• What is the interpretation of a z-score of 2?
• Which term refers to the amount of information free to vary when estimating a statistical parameter?
• Systematic variation is variation due to what?
• The probability of committing a Type II error is called what, according to Cohen (1992) guidelines?
• In repeated-measures ANOVA, the assumption that the variances of the differences are equal is called?
• One-tailed test is used when:
• Which graph shows means of two or more independent variables with means at different levels of another variable, often displaying lines or bars to illustrate interactions?
• An outlier is best described as:
• Partial correlation describes the relationship between two variables while:
• Which statement best describes ranking of raw scores?
• What term means 'one variable' and is typically used when only one outcome variable is measured?
• Test of excess success (TES) is designed to identify sets of results within academic articles that are what?
• The direct effect is defined as the effect of a predictor variable on an outcome variable when a mediator is included.
• The grand variance is best described as the variance within which set?
• Promax rotation is characterized by:
• Communality is described as the proportion of variance explained by common factors.
• The Greenhouse-Geisser estimate is used to adjust degrees of freedom in which analysis?
• What best describes planned contrasts?
• The difference between the observed value and the model-predicted value is known as what?
• Values between 1 and 3 in Bayes factor interpretation are described as which of the following?
• Which statement best describes the sign test?
• Which statement correctly describes a hypothesis?
• Type I error occurs in which situation?
• Structure matrix in factor analysis contains what type of information?
• Standardized residuals are residuals expressed in what units?
• Which criterion is designed to be more appropriate for small samples than AIC?
• Which statistical procedure uses the F-statistic to test the overall fit of a linear model?
• Bartlett's test of sphericity is used to determine whether a variance-covariance matrix is proportional to an identity matrix. Which of the following best describes this test?
• Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z is used to compare two samples and tends to have better power than Mann-Whitney for small samples.
• Which term describes the measure of the average cross-product deviation between two variables?
• What is an outcome variable?
• In a multivariate predictive model, what is the name of the error term's sum of squares and cross-products matrix, representing unsystematic variance?
• Which description matches a mixed design?
• Schwarz's Bayesian information criterion (BIC) is a description of a model fit statistic that is most appropriate when which conditions apply?
• The value obtained by re-estimating the model without a particular case and then predicting the excluded case is known as which of the following?
• In the multiple regression equation, b0 represents what?
• According to Barnett and Lewis, a Mahalanobis distance value above 25 is a cause for concern in which situation?
• Which statistical test evaluates equality of variances across groups?
• Hat values are another name for which regression diagnostic concept?
• Which test would you use to test the equality of covariance matrices across groups?
• What is the null hypothesis?
• Which type of data are measured on a scale with equal intervals and an arbitrary zero point, such that equal changes represent equal differences?
• Stepwise regression is described as ...
• What term describes a graph plotting observations on the x-axis and frequency on the y-axis?
• Which term describes a variable made up of categories such as different universities?
• Which statement best describes a nominal variable?
• In a variance-covariance matrix, which statement correctly describes the diagonals and off-diagonals?
• According to Belsey et al., deleting a case will damage the precision of some model parameters if CVR exceeds which threshold?
• Which statistic measures the influence of deleting a case on a regression parameter estimate?
• Which statement about the mean and the standard deviation of z-scores is true?
• Which analysis is logistic regression in which the outcome variable has more than two categories?
• Which statistical measure is commonly used to assess the degree of agreement or consistency of measurements made by the same raters or instruments within a group?
• Total SSCP (T) refers to which of the following?
• A situation in logistic regression when the outcome variable can be perfectly predicted by one predictor or a combination of predictors.
• A factor that affects only one of many measured variables and cannot explain the correlations between them is called what?
• What does sampling variation describe?
• Roy's largest root in MANOVA refers to which of the following?
• Tolerance in regression analysis indicates multicollinearity. Which statement is true?
• Which statement describes a negatively skewed distribution?
• Which statement best defines random variance?
• Which criterion is a goodness-of-fit measure similar to AIC but correcting for model complexity and sample size?
• What does a scatterplot graphically display?
• Prior probability is defined as...
• In MANOVA, the Hotelling-Lawley trace can be interpreted as the sum of eigenvalues across discriminant variates. What does this imply about the statistic?
• Open science aims to:
• Researcher degrees of freedom refers to:
• Which statement about effect size measures such as Cohen's d, Glass's g, and r is true?
• In multilevel modelling, what does it mean if the intercept is fixed?
• Cronbach's α is described as a reliability measure computed from item covariances; which statement best matches its formula?
• What term describes a coefficient or model parameter that is fixed and cannot vary across situations or contexts?
• Which statement about the posterior distribution is true?
• Skew measures the symmetry of a frequency distribution. Which statement is true?
• Kendall's W measures agreement among raters.
• Which concept is an example of standardization used in statistics?
• A curve that summarizes the change in some outcome over time is called a growth curve.
• Model sum of squares measures what in a regression or ANOVA?
• AR(1) stands for which covariance structure?
• Which matrix in MANOVA is functionally equivalent to the hypothesis SSCP divided by the error SSCP, representing the ratio of systematic to unsystematic variance and serving as a multivariate analogue of the F-statistic?
• In longitudinal analysis, what term describes a curve that summarizes change over time, often modeled with polynomial terms?
• In factor analysis, what is the process called when deciding whether to extract a factor based on the size of its eigenvalue?
• Residuals are defined as:
• Reverse Helmert contrast is defined as:
• In Bayesian statistics, which type of prior belief constrains the parameter by narrowing the plausible values, ranging from weakly informative to strongly informative?
• In a mediation analysis, what is the standardized measure of the indirect effect defined as the indirect effect multiplied by the ratio of the standard deviation of the predictor to the standard deviation of the outcome?
• Which type of tests typically have greater power: planned contrasts or post hoc tests?
• Which term refers to procedures that remain reliable even when normal assumptions are violated?
• When more than 5% of observations have standardized residuals with an absolute value greater than 1.96, this suggests ...
• A z-score of 2 means the observation is how many standard deviations above the mean?
• What term describes a frequency distribution?
• What is a prior distribution in Bayesian analysis?
• A distribution that has two modes is described as which of the following?
• The chi-square distribution is defined as the sum of squares of what kind of variables?
• Partial eta squared represents what in analysis?
• Studentized deleted residual measures what in regression analysis?
• What multivariate technique identifies whether the correlations among a set of observed variables arise from one or more latent variables?
• This test assesses whether two categorical variables forming a contingency table are associated. What is it called?
• The centre of a frequency distribution is measured by the mean, median and mode. What is this concept called?
• What is a test statistic?
• What is a discriminant function variate?
• In which situation is a point-biserial correlation used?
• Which term describes the ability of a measure to produce consistent results when the same entities are measured under different conditions?
• In academia, a collection of related scholarly articles is called a ...?
• Which term is defined as a single score from an individual representing their performance on a latent variable?
• What is a variable that has a relationship with the measured outcome variable?
• Which term is the general term for the structure matrix in factor analysis?
• According to Hoaglin and Welsch, a case is potentially influential if its leverage value exceeds what threshold?
• Which non-orthogonal planned contrast compares the mean of each condition (except the first) to the mean of all previous conditions combined?
• Which statistic is the difference between the adjusted predicted value and the original predicted value for a case?
• Which statement describes quantitative methods?
• Which statement about a fixed effect is correct?
• A Bayes factor less than 1 has what implication for the null hypothesis?
• In Bayes' theorem, the posterior probability is the inverse conditional probability of which quantity?
• Which contrast is a non-orthogonal planned contrast that compares the mean of each condition (except the last) to the overall mean of all subsequent conditions combined?
• In multilevel modelling, what does it mean if the slope is fixed?
• Which type of variable contains monetary values?
• The discriminant function analysis is particularly useful as a follow-up to which analysis?
• An effect size that expresses the difference between two means in standard deviation units.
• Standardized DFBeta uses what cutoff to flag influential cases?
• Identity matrix is defined as which of the following?
• In the context of analysis of covariance, which term refers to the value of the group mean adjusted for the covariate?